Alkyl halides are obtained when hydrogen halides like hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide or hydrogen iodide are treated with alkenes. In this reaction, the addition of hydrogen halide takes place across the double bond in alkenes.
Learn more about S Block Elements , here. The negative part of the reagent Br gets attached to that unsaturated carbon atom which carries more hydrogen atoms. This is also known as the Peroxide effect, Kharasch effect or Kharasch-Mayo effect.
Read more about Organic Chemistry , here. Alkyl chlorides are prepared by reacting an alcohol with Lucas reagent. Lucas reagent is a solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid with zinc chloride.
Alkyl bromides are prepared by heating alcohols with concentrated hydrochloric acid. HBr being unstable is prepared by treating sodium bromide with concentrated sulphuric acid in situ. Know more about Isomerism , here. Alkyl bromides and alkyl iodides are prepared by the action of bromine or iodine in the presence of red phosphorus on alcohols in situ. In this reaction, phosphorus tribromide or phosphorus triiodide is formed as an intermediate which in turn reacts with alcohol and forms corresponding alkyl bromide or alkyl iodide.
Know more about Tautomerism , here. Alcohols when refluxed with thionyl chloride, form alkyl chlorides. Therefore, this is the best method of preparation of alkyl chlorides. Alkyl chlorides or bromides when treated with Nal in presence of dry acetone give alkyl iodides. This reaction is known as the Finkelstein reaction. Alkyl fluorides are prepared by heating alkyl bromides or chlorides in presence of metallic fluorides like.
Know more about Elements, Compounds and Molecules , here. In the case of isomeric alkanes the boiling points of alkyl halide decrease with an increase in branching. Reactions in which an atom or a group of atoms is substituted by another atom or a group of atoms respectively are known as substitution reactions i.
Alkyl halides when boiled with an aqueous alkali like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide undergo hydrolysis reaction and form the corresponding alcohols. In this reaction, halide -X is substituted by the hydroxyl -OH group.
Read more about Covalent Bond , here. Though silver hydroxide does not exist, silver oxide suspended in water behaves as silver hydroxide. Alkyl halides when boiled with an alcoholic solution of potassium cyanide from the corresponding alkyl cyanides or alkane nitriles. In this reaction halide -X of alkyl halide is substituted by an isocyanide group -NC. In presence of silver salts, cyanide attacks through nitrogen and in strongly basic solutions cyanide.
Read more about Ionic Bond Notes , here. Alkyl halides on boiling with an excess of alcoholic solution of ammonia, under pressure, form the corresponding primary amines. This reaction is also known as ammonolysis of alkyl halide. In this reaction halide -X reaction of alkyl halides is substituted by an amino group -NH. This reaction leads to the formation of a mixture of primary, secondary, tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salts.
Alkyl halides when boiled with sodium alkoxide undergo a substitution reaction to form the corresponding ethers. In this reaction halide -X of alkyl halides is substituted by an alkoxy group -O-R. Alkenes react with hydrogen halides to give corresponding alkyl halides haloalkanes.
In the case of symmetrical alkenes, the addition of hydrogen halides leads to only one product. However, the addition of hydrogen halides to unsymmetrical alkenes give two. A Russian chemist, Markownikoff proposed a generalization, which helps to predict the major product, in addition of an unsymmetrical reagent to unsymmetrical alkenes. When an unsymmetrical reagent is added to an unsymmetrical alkene, the negative part of the reagent gets attached to that carbon atom which carries less number of hydrogen atoms.
Alkenes react with cold concentrated sulphuric acid to give alkyl hydrogen sulphate which is a water-soluble compound. These alkyl hydrogen sulphates on boiling with water give corresponding alcohols. The process is called the hydration of alkenes. Reactive alkenes, like isobutylene, add water molecules in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to give alcohol.
Read more about Polymers , here. When a stream of ozonised oxygen is passed through a solution of alkene in presence of an organic solvent, it gives unstable ozonide. Ozonides on reduction with zinc dust and water give either aldehydes or ketones or a mixture of both. The ring is ruptured at the position formerly occupied by a double bond.
Hence this reaction is used to locate the position and to find the number of double bonds in alkenes. Alkenes react with cold and dilute alkaline potassium permanganate to give vicinal glycols 1, 2-diols.
Acidic potassium permanganate or acidic potassium dichromate oxidizes alkenes to ketones and or acids depending upon the nature of the alkene and the experimental conditions. Know more about Hydrocarbons , here. Check out other topics of Chemistry for Competitive Exam , here. So, this is all about the Alkenes. Get some practice of the same on our free Testbook App.
Download Now! Sign Up for Free Already have an account? Sign In. Moshfeghian, M. Poling, B. For the feed gas E in Table 1 with relative density of 0. Back Loading Home Blog. PetroSkills Blog. By: Dr. Mahmood Moshfeghian.
Gas compositions used for generating values Figures 1 through 5 show variations of with pressure, temperature, at a specified feed gas relative density. References: 1. MacLeod, D. Faraday Soc. ProMax 5. ProMax Solution: 1. Plot phase envelope 2. Calculate surface tension by Eq. Featured posts.
0コメント