This is a device that receive digital information from the microcontroller and displays on its screen. It helps as an output interface that is peripheral for the microcontroller. Electronic filter These are analog circuits which perform signal processing function, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones or both. Smoothening This is the process of reducing or eliminating irregularities in the voltage or current from a DC power source.
This is the process of reducing or eliminating irregularities in data or signal amplitude. Rectification This is the process of converting AC to pulsating DC by any other means other than the use of motor-generator. Regulated power supply A power supply whose output is healed automatically.
Due to a constant level or within a narrow range, regardless of loading variations. Regulation The adjustment or control of a components, device or system. It should be noted that the device that performs regulation is called regulator. Electric motor An electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy in the form of rotation.
It consists of a moving part is called the rotor and the stationary part is called the stator. In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor. Door unit A door is a moving mechanism used to block off and allow access to an entrance to or within an enclosed space such as a building, room or vehicle.
Doors normally consist of one or two solid panels with or without windows that swing using hinges horizontally. These hinges are attached to the door's edge but there are also doors that slide, fold or spin.
The main purpose of a door is to control physical access. Figure 1. This questionnaire showed us that there were a lot of problems when using paper for student attendance. Some of these problems are cheating, bulkiness of the papers, time consuming, stressful and cost full after a long period.
Because of this, personal identification needs to be associated to a student with an identity. Therefore, they are unable to satisfy these security requirements of the electrically connected information school society. Thus, security system based on Radio Frequency called electronic identifier are needed to ensure high security in sensitive areas such as school systems, heath care, telecommunication, government organizations and even the financial sectors.
We need to build interface that will integrate with RFID system and will show the card code with another interface also need to capture and record student attendance. This project also gives the opportunity for the educational administrators to capture face-to-face classroom data for allocation of proper attendance scores and for further managerial decisions.
Hence the ability to achieve higher accurate automatic personal identification is possible. Furthermore, by using this system it will make attendance become more easy to use. Also, RFID has more capability to receive, store and forward data to a remote source. Hence leads to reduction of work, better student attendance management and less administrative work.
There are two scopes that will be cover in this project. Not only brand, but also frequencies of the RFID itself need to be considered. Since this system will be applied to a university, the RFID reader must use same frequencies as university student ID card. Chapter 1 basically is an introduction of the project.
In this chapter, the discussion is all about the background and objectives of the project. The overall overview of the entire project also will be discussed in this chapter. Everything related to the project will, be describe generally in this chapter. This chapter included several subtopics. The entire hardware used in this project will be discussed briefly. In this section, all basic programming will be explained with a sample programming.
The main flow chart for this project will be explained briefly under this topic. Chapter 4 discusses all the results obtained and discussion of the project. Chapter 5 discusses the conclusion and further development of the project. This chapter also discusses about total costing involved and potential of this project for commercialization.
In this chapter, we present the different concepts on electronic attendance system technologies. However, this system does not have an incorporate door unit which allows access to only registered users. Figure 2. The Germans, Japanese, Americans and British were all using radar which had been discovered in by Scottish physicist Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt to warn of approaching planes while they were still miles away.
RFID is commonly used to transmit and receive information without wires. RFID readers and tags communicate through a distance using radio waves. There are a lot of advantages in RFID system, included their price, size, memory capacity and their capability. The pure memory-based RFID chip without a co-processor is cheap, and its footprint is small and usually use in car immobilizer applications where the IC should fit in a tiny glass tube buried in the key.
RFID fast processing speed is also essential. Scientists and academics in the United States, Europe and Japan did research and presented papers explaining how RF energy could be used to identify objects remotely. Companies began commercializing anti-theft systems that used radio waves to determine whether an item had been paid for or not. Electronic article surveillance tags, which are still used in packaging today, have a 1- bit tag.
The bit is either on or off. If someone pays for the item, the bit is turned off and a person can leave the store. But if the person doesn't pay and tries to walk out of the store, readers at the door detect the tag and sound an alarm. Cardullo claims to have received the first U.
That same year, Charles Walton, a California entrepreneur, received a patent for a passive transponder used to unlock a door without a key. A card with an embedded transponder communicated a signal to a reader near the door. When the reader detected a valid identity, number stored within the RFID tag, the reader unlocked the door. Walton licensed the technology to Schlage Lock of San Francisco, a lock maker and other companies.
This system is still used in cows around the world today. Low-frequency transponders were also put in cards and used to control the access to buildings. High frequency offered greater range and faster data transfer rates.
Companies, particularly those in Europe, began using it to track reusable containers and other assets. Today, A reader in the steering column reads the passive RFID tag in the plastic housing around the key. UHF offered longer read range up to 20 feet under good conditions and faster data transfer. IBM did some early pilots with Wal-Mart, but never commercialized this technology.
When it ran into financial trouble in the mids, IBM sold its patents to Intermec, a bar code systems provider. Intermec RFID systems have been installed in numerous different applications, from ware house tracking to farming.
But the technology was expensive at the time due to the low volume of sales and the lack of open, international standards. Historically, RFID reader were designed to read only a king of tag, but so-called multimode readers that can read many kinds of tags are becoming increasingly popular.
RFID readers are usually on, continually transmitting radio energy and awaiting any tags that enter their field of operation. However, for some applications, this is unnecessary and could be undesirable in battery-powered devices that need to conserve energy. Thus, it is possible to configure an RFID reader so that it sends the radio pulse only in response to an external event. For example, most electronic toll collection systems have the reader constantly powered up so that every passing car will be recorded.
Like the tag, themselves, RFID readers come in many sizes. The largest readers might consist of a desktop personal computer with a special card through shielded cable. The smallest readers are the size of a postage stamp and are designed to be embedded in mobile telephones. Because of the major application used in worldwide, many systems require the simultaneous use of more than one operating frequency.
Most systems available on the world market at present operate at one of the following frequencies or frequency ranges: below kHz kHz, The operating and control characteristics are different for each of these frequencies, and therefore each of them is more appropriate for certain types of application or certain countries.
The most common tags today consist of an Integrated Circuit with memory, essentially a microprocessor chip. Other tags are chip less and have no onboard Integrated circuit. Chip less tags are more effective in applications where simpler range of functions is all that is required; although they can help achieve more accuracy and better detection range, at potentially lower cost than their Integrated Circuit- based counterparts.
From here on out, we will use the term tag to mean Integrated Circuit-based tag. We will refer to chip less tags explicitly, when needed. RFID tags come in two general varieties which are passive and active tag. Passive tags require no internal power source, thus being pure passive devices they are only active when a reader is nearby to power them , whereas active tags require a power source, usually a small battery.
In this we are going to implement the RFID system in our project for improvement of old attendance system and checking system for better result and security of the student. An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or inserted into a product, person, or animal for identification and tracking using radio waves.
Some identifiers can be read from several centimeters or meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. Several related works exist in works, application of RFID Technology to different areas and specifically to the area of academic attendance monitoring problem. In authors designed and employed a model of a secured and portable embedded reader system to read the biometric data from the electronic passport.
The authors attempted to solve problems of trustworthiness, security and confidentiality in E-passports by authenticating holder online using Global System of Mobile Communications GSM network. The GSM network is the main edge between identification center and the e passport reader. The communication data is protected between server and e-passport reader by using AES to translate data for protection while transferring through GSM network.
The use of Radio-frequency identification RFID technology in automated electronic environment and for tracking objects has been widely researched upon by researchers and deployed by various organizations as part of their automation systems. RFID is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for identifying and tracking the object. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency even though this device was covert listening device, not an identification device or tag, it is a predecessor of radio frequency identification RFID technology because it was likewise passive, being energized and activated by waves from an outside source.
Similar technologies such as the IFF identification friend and foe transponder developed in the United Kingdom, was routinely used by the allies in the World War II to identify aircrafts as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by most powered aircrafts to this day. In that same year, Charles Walton, a California entrepreneur, received a patent for a passive transponder used to unlock a door without a key.
A card with an embedded transponder communicates a reader near a door, when the reader detects a valid identification number stored within the tag, the reader unlocks the door. Walton licensed the technology to Schalge lock of San Francisco, a lockmaker and other companies.
The implementation of time and attendance system has a lot of advantages for the manager. The kind of system that is implemented depends upon what the organization is trying to achieve by implementing the system. There are different types of automatic attendance systems; each type of system is suited to different needs and requirements. Some of the most common types include; biometric attendance system, magnetic stripe attendance system, barcode attendance system, and RFID attendance system.
With the automation through barcode technology, the errors previously made in the manual payroll or attendances are eliminated. In addition, the costs associated with the installation of the system are not too much relative to the cost of payroll or attendance errors.
This data from the clock can be downloaded by the manager or the administrator and then used for updating and maintaining time and attendance records. The Universal Product Code UPC is a unique digit number assigned to retail merchandise that identifies a product and the vendor. The UPC for a product is always the same. The first six digits is the vendor unique identification number.
All the products that the vendor sells will have the same first six digits in their UPCs. The next five digits identify the product.
The last digit is called the check digit. This is used to verify that the UPC for that specific product is correct. Each time that UPC is read, typically by a scanner reading the barcode, a calculation is done. And, if the check digit is different compared from the one that is calculated, then the computer knows that there is something wrong with the UPC.
Figure 1 is a pictorial diagram of a barcode with its universal product code UPC. In computer security, biometrics refers to authentication techniques that rely on measurable physical characteristics that can be automatically checked. There are several types of biometric identification schemes which include: retina, hand geometry, vein, voice etc.
The computer uses any of these biometric identification schemes to determine who you are, and based your identity authorized your different level of access.
Under this system, there is time and attendance software that is paired with a time clock for employees which uses biometric technology for authentication purposes. This method has the great benefit that the entire process is easy as well as quick. If you liked it then please share it or if you want to ask anything then please hit comment button. Hi u doing good job man….
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These booths are known as toll booths and the money we pay is the tax for using the road known as the toll road or toll way. Since, most of the roads are built with the money that is raised by state or national government through the taxes. So, toll is a kind of tax that we pay to the government for the maintenance of the highways. Manual Toll Collection: This method is the most widely used method in India. In this, when the vehicle arrives at the toll booth the driver gives the money to the collector at the booth who feeds the information in the computer and provides a receipt to the person in the vehicle.
Each vehicle has its amount fixed. For eg: a two-wheeler driver needs to pay Rs 20, for car it is Rs 40 and for larger vehicles like buses and trucks its more. But these amounts vary from state to state.
Automatic Toll Collection: Unlike manual collection method, it does not use any human. This machine accepts coins or tokens provided by agency operating the booth. Electronic Toll Collection: As the name suggests, the whole system is automatic and no human efforts are required. It is not a much familiar method in India but is commonly used in countries like USA. It uses a card or a tag to identify the vehicle and automatically deducts the amount from the bank account.
It is much faster way. From past few years, the electronic toll systems have come under use and are becoming famous because of the benefits they have over the manual toll systems. The ETC systems, unlike a manual system do not involve a collector.
The vehicle when arrives at the booth it does not need to stop at the booth like it had to do in manual system. It directly passes away without giving cash to anyone. Thus, we can call it a cashless toll collection. The ETC system involves various components which work together and form the whole system. As the vehicle arrives at the booth a sensor which has been incorporated at the booth, senses the tag or a card embedded in the vehicle.
This tag is known as a RFID card. This RFID card has a unique identity for every user and thus has the information regarding the user. The payment in the ETC system is made through wireless mode. There is no need for the vehicles to stop and wait for the process to happen. It occurs in few seconds and thus, it is a very effective and a fast system.
These systems are the combination of hardware as well as the software. There are various systems around us which have electronic components embedded in it. Almost all the electronic devices work on the principle of Embedded Systems. Whether it is a washing machine, a camera, various medical and industrial equipment or a mobile phone, all of them have some electronic device embedded in it.
Some of the systems are programmable and some are not. Programming a system provides flexibility of using the device for different purposes.
Embedded Systems find a very large variety of applications due to the increased use of electronic devices and machines. Similarly, one application of embedded system is in Electronic Toll collection systems. The ETC systems have surveillance cameras, sensors, displays, computers at the control units and all of these are controlled by the embedded systems. They all function due to embedded systems. The moment the RFID tag is sensed by the sensor the processing of the information stored in card begins.
The information is matched with the information stored as a database in the computer. If there is a need to give any penalty, it is also determined by the system, and then the gates get open after the payment.
This whole process of sensing, checking, payment, toll gate operations are performed by the Embedded Systems. A microcontroller comprises of the processor or the CPU which performs the task for which it is designed.
It has the input and the output ports to which any external device can be connected. It also has its memory i. One of the major use of microcontrollers is in embedded applications. Thus, it is very useful in ETC systems. Sending this data on the LCD screen of the operating person.
Sensing and receiving the signals from the IR receiver. Sending the signal to the motor to open the gate if the data is genuine and the card has the balance or else sending the signal to the buzzer if any of case does not apply. Thus, the information is confidential. It is generally done using a RFID tag which is a small card with an electromagnetic chip embedded over it with an antenna.
All the information is stored in that chip. Generally, a RFID serial card number is used as the identification number. Each user has its unique ID number stored in that chip. Both the card and the reader have their antenna for sending and receiving the signal. There is a specific range in which the tag works with the reader. As soon as the tag reaches the range of the reader, it gets induced and sends the information. The moment the tag comes within the magnetic field of the RFID reader, the current is induced in it and it gets energized.
Then, it sends the information stored in the chip in form of the radio frequency signals through the antenna. When the antenna of the reader receives the signal, it again converts it into digital form thus making it suitable for displaying on the LCD screen of the operating person. It has been programmed using Arduino. Arduino is open source software which is easily available for use and its modifications. This software is used to write a code and then feed this code to the physical circuit board for a desired function or a task.
It is very user friendly and easy to use. Unlike other software, it does not require any additional circuit or device to load the code in the circuit board. It just needs a USB cable. The software can be run on our computer systems and from there the code can be transferred easily. A car will approach the toll booth. Then, it will pass the information stored in the card to the Arduino. The Arduino will track information and will check whether the card is valid or not. Here, we have fixed the amount for different users.
For Aman, the amount is Rs 50 and for Sudeep it is Rs Along with this, a green LED light will glow twice with the buzzer doing the same. After this, a command will be send to the motor to open the gate and the vehicle will pass. Now, GSM module will send message to the owner informing him about amount deducted from their tag.
Along with this, a red LED light will glow with the buzzer making noise continuously for 2 seconds. Thus, no command will be send to the motor. While the majority of the population is travelling via different means it has become a necessity and a regulatory method to control traffic. It stated that the former helps in controlling the congestion that is generally caused by the traffic during the festivals. Moreover, it is also beneficiary for the operators as it helps in Controlling the Audit which is centralized.
The number plate on the vehicle can be processed and checked so as to match any existence in the database; from which the toll can be deducted thus giving it an upper hand from the manual toll collection. Radio Frequency Identification for the toll collection thus making the whole system easy and feasible. The idea proposed in the paper had an edge over other electronic methods due to its flexible nature and easy implementation.
But it also takes the lead once the ideas have been generated; after reviewing the base papers the following questions were derived: 1.
What should be technology that can be used for Electronic Toll Collection System? Is there a scope for any improvement if the following work has been done? How beneficial can the work be? Fig 2. Firstly, the use of RFID or Radio Frequency Identification was decided due to its easy implementation and flexibility to adapt to any existing system or technology.
The reader mentioned is an active device that needs a power supply of its own whereas the tag is a passive one which contains a unique ID that can be read. The technology comes in different ranges of frequency thus falling under main Radio Frequency Band. This system helps to fasten the toll collection as it reduces the waiting time on each toll collected and at the same time [6] is hassle free and more user friendly than any other proposed system till date.
Aphale et al. This Arduino board will be regarded as the microcontroller and hence work as the central hub for the processes taking place in the system. It would contain different pins to accommodate the various components required, take power from the user defined source and control the output as desired. The study involves the basic queries like what is toll collection, why is it done, current toll collection systems, problems with each toll collection system and in the end the final proposed system for this project.
This fee is taken at stops or points which are called Toll Booth, Toll Plazas etc. This booth has a small shed that is manned and the individual responsible collects the cash, change from the user who travels via that passage and does the data entry for the vehicle followed by opening the gate for the vehicle to pass. This method is called the manual method of toll collection. After some up gradation the automated toll collection systems have been developed which contains new technology based devices that open the gate and let the user pass only after identifying the vehicle and its license plate and registration number.
This toll fee is often accounted as a revenue that is paid by the general public. In India, when an individual pays a toll tax it is forwarded to the State Government which is totally different from the taxes that are paid monthly or annually. This is due to the reason that the infrastructure used in the roadways and other related activities is a joint venture between a private organization and the Government.
When the contract is After that no toll or fee is taken. This is also done for the same reason as mentioned above. One other reason of choosing toll collection is to control the demand and congestion management. The more the vehicles pass through the toll booth, the more the toll is increased so as to control the traffic entering a certain place; along with this certain toll booth are also placed to regulate the use of public transport.
Similarly, for systems, the number goes high up to 36, 00, For simplification, the table shows the same data as mentioned above: Table 1. Vehicles Passing a Toll Booth Year-Wise Number of toll booths Days Number of vehicles 1 1 1 30 x 12 36, 30 x 12 36,00, This table shows that per year nearly 36,00, vehicles remain in the still position for nearly 6 hours in a condition where their engines are roaring and consuming fuel, at the same time creating air pollution.
Now if we suppose that in that 6 hours a certain vehicle uses about 1 L fuel; the total volume of fuel for all those 36,00, vehicles go up to the same amount i.
Table 2. So assuming that 36,00, vehicles pass through all the toll booths nearly 21,96,00, Rs valued fuel is wasted during that stoppages at the manual toll booths. This data is staggering considering the fact that all the data taken are minimum and the result is out of expectation. Some of them are: 1. Manual toll collection system is slow as it ceases the vehicle flow as each vehicle approaches the toll booth for cash transfer and entry into the database.
This leads to various issues like fuel wastage, time wastage and air pollution. Manual toll collection system is often found guilty of embezzlement as the toll booth operators who are in charge of the same are involved in the theft of toll books and cash. This and other cases lead to this type of collection system not secure in terms of money. The manned systems often see themselves vulnerable to harassment by the vehicle owners. Mostly in India, where such cases have been found that the toll operators are physically harassed and beaten for they have done nothing wrong.
The use of ETC can curb this problem single handed. There are other systems that also need upgradation due to one or other fact that hinders their working: 1. There have been many cases where the readers have not operated properly thus making the whole system manual again.
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